Investigation of Hydrochloric Acid with Indigestion Tablet

Introduction In this coursework I will be talking about the experiments, which I have done over two weeks. This gave different results by using different concentrations of hydrochloric acids (HCl) and indigestion relief tablet. I will also mention the time which was taken in the experiment, to see how fast the hydrochloric acid took with indigestion tablet with different concentrations. Indigestion tablets are alkali and they are used for to neutralise the excess acid in the stomach. Indigestion Tablet Indigestion is caused by excess acid in the stomach. The tablets neutralise some of this Acid and this is known as ‘Neutralization’ since it neutralizes the acid. In this experiment the amount of acid neutralised by one tablet is found. This may be considered a direct measurement of the effectiveness of the tablet. Requirements for the experiment:Indigestion Tablets Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)Gas JarClamp StandHydrochloric Acid (HCL) solutions labelled 20, 30, 40, 50 60gdm-3 ( these can be 0. 0, 0. 75, 1. 00, 1. 25,1. 50 mol dm-3)Trough or containerMeasuring cylinderTimer.BungDelivery TubeConical Flask 50 cm3Indigestion Tablets An indigestion relief tablets alkali in solution, so that it can easily neutralize the excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach. The indigestion tablets to be used in the experiment was purchased from Super Drug Gas Jar A gas jar is a straight and thin cylindrical tube with ml units. This is used to collect gas or generate in the laboratory. In my investigation gas jar will be used to collect and measure the amount of carbon dioxide gas released during the investigation. [pic] [pic]Clamp Stand Clamp stand is really useful and it gets attached to the burette or any flask and it allows it to stay in its position. Otherwise, there’s a possibility of dispensing more amount of liquid than its normal measurements. In my investigation conical flask will be attached to the clamp stand so that it can be connected to the delivery tube which will in turn be connected to the gas jar through the water in the trough. Hydrochloric Acid Solution Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria which maybe present in our food and also create acidic conditions for the enzymes to work properly. If the stomach contains too much acid then it can cause pain and it is called ‘INDIGESTION. ’ Sometimes the acid escapes from top of the stomach which causes pain in the tube leading to the mouth this is called ‘heartburn’ The equation of hydrochloric acid being neutralized by sodium bicarbonate looks like this: 2HCl + CaCO3-> CaCl2+ H2O+ CO2 Delivery Tube Delivery tube delivers the gas in to collecting vessels or container, but in this case it is going to go in a burette. Delivery tube also allows the gases to go through it; this will make the result to be accurate. Trough Trough is used for filling up the water, and it holds in the water, as well as the burette where gases put themselves off. The delivery tube gets clamped into the water and connected to the gas jar. It usually looks like a normal flat based bowl. Bung Bung is a big chunk of rubber, which act as seal in a conical flask. This allows the gas to be delivered through the delivery tube, and the delivery tube is connected with the bung since it has a hole. It is really useful in the experiment therefore no gas can be released outside. Timer Timer is there to get the results of the different solutions of hydrochloric acids. It makes the result really convenient as well as precise. Conical Flask This is scientific equipment which is usually seen in the lab. In the experiment it was used for to hold the hydrochloric acid and the indigestion tablet. It gets sealed at the top by a bung. Hypothesis: In this experiment I will test the hypothesis that; how quickly an indigestion tablet reacts does not depend on the concentrations of hydrochloric acid. Method for the experiment There will be using various equipments to test the hypothesis. Firstly, I will measure 50cm3 of hydrochloric acid with lowest concentration into a conical flask. Then I will fill up the trough or the container up to the ? of it. Thereafter, I will fill the gas jar with water then, I will put my hand on top of the open end, and invert over the water in the trough. Followed by, compress the delivery tube in to the gas jar. I will then put one indigestion tablet into the acid, and then quickly place the bung over the conical flask and start the timer. Finally, I will stop the timer when the gas jar is completely full of gas. Once I get my result I will record the time in a table as well as repeat the same procedure two times to get a consistent result. The whole procedure will repeated for the remaining concentrations of the hydrochloric acid and results will be recorded in a table. Below is the experimental set up for my investigation. Table of results Concentration of |Time taken to collect 54cm3 of carbon dioxide gas/sec | |hydrochloric acid/ | | |mol/dm3 | | | |1 |2 |3 |Average time | |1. 5 |126 |141 |121 |129 | |1. 5 |214 |243 |240 |222 | |1. 0 |237 |241 |307 |239 | |0. 75 |319 |318 |389 |314 | |0. 50 |388 |377 |376 |380 | pic] Analysis of Results Collision Theory Collusion theory is that reaction which is caused by the reactant particles i n the experiment, the more particles in the concentration then there is more causation of the collision theory. 1. Temperature The rate of the chemical reaction can be raised by increasing the temperature. This rate can also be increased by increasing the concentration of a reactant in solution; in my experiment I have used the Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) with higher concentration and our body temperature. This caused by the reactant particles to move quickly, and have more energy in order to collide often, and more of the collision result took in a reaction. 2. Surface Area The rate of a chemical reaction can also be increased by increasing the surface area of a solid reactant. But in my experiment I have dropped the whole tablet, instead of crushing the tablet. This has affected my experiment a lot because there could’ve been more collision, but since I have put the whole tablet inside that caused a small volume of space inside. This didn’t allow the reactant particles to perform collision theory. It also made the rate at its average point. 3. Concentration My experiment’s dissolved reactant increased then they became crowded which again caused the particles to perform collision theory. This means that the hydrochloric acid (HCl) with higher concentration means that there is more particles with energyNo No please state this in a better way The result of the line graph shows that the higher the concentrations, the quicker it will react. The hydrochloric acid with higher concentration means there is more reactant particles which will have more energy and be crowded. There is a greater of colliding, which will also allow the rate of reaction to increase. As the rate of the hydrochloric increases , the rate of chemical reaction becomes quicker. Please comment on the slope of the graph Conclusion The conclusion shows that the higher the concentration, then the reaction will be quicker as mentioned above. ———————– Gas Jar

NYSE:KKD, A Case Study of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc. Financial Statements

Krispy Kreme Doughnuts was formed in 1933 when Vernon Carver Rudolph bought a doughnut shop in Kentucky. By 1937 the business had branched into a wholesale operation, supplying local grocery stores. Today, the business is owned by Krispy Kreme franchises and there are approximately 449 factory stores throughout the world.Krispy Kreme first floated on the NASDAQ in 2000 and, with a share price of $40.64, immediately gained a market capitalization of $500 million.   A year later they switched to the NYSE where they now trade under the ticker symbol KKD.In order to perform a financial analysis of Krispy Kreme we will utilize three main financial statements; the income statement, the statement of cash flow and the balance statement.The Income Statement, or profit and loss statement, will allow us to observe how much profit has been generated by KKD and will allow us to observe how profitable the business is.   Whereas the income statement reports the results from operating the busine ss over a given period of time, the balance sheet provides a picture of the firm’s value at a snapshot period in time by presenting details of its assets, liability and owner equity.Whilst an income statement reports a company’s profits this is not actually the same as their cash flows.   It is therefore important that we also look at this when analyzing the financial health and wellbeing of a company.   By looking at the free cash flows we are able to observe how much cash is available to the company after they have paid for their investments in operating capital and fixed assets.   The free cash will be the amount that is available to redistribute to the owners and creditors.The financial reports for Krispy Kreme between the years 2005 and 2007 can be found in Appendix A.   At first glance it is evident that a has been made over the last three years since their 2005 filing.   This could be potentially attributed to their rapid growth and extension that has necessitated large investments in property, plant, equipment and investments in equity method franchises.   The losses, however, have reduced from $7.2 million in 3rd quarter 2006 to $798 in the 3rd quarter of 2007 that could indicate an improvement.The operating income, excluding the $21.05 million in depreciation, of Krispy Kreme at the end of the 3rd quarter 2007 was $22.11. The company has reported an investment of 12.63 that their annual report (www.krisykreme.com) attributed to the sale of property and the reacquisition of some of the franchises.   In addition to this KKD retired some of their long debt leading to a net loss of $15.48 in financing activities.The statement of cash flows reveal a net credit to impairment and lease termination of $268,000 in the 3rd quarter of 2007, a huge shift from the charge of $5.4million of 3rd quarter 2006.   Clearly in the latter stages of 2006 a number of stores were closed or the franchises were terminated.   The third quarter 20 07 balance sheet shows that KKD had cash of $23 million and a debt of $88 million.In order to fully understand KKD’s position in the market we need to understand the data in relative terms, i.e. how is KKD performing in comparison to their competitors or similar companies. An analysis of KKD’s financial rations provides us with further insight into their operations and can allow us to better highlight their strengths and weaknesses.   The debt ratio indicates how much debt KKD are using to finance their assets.   KKD’s debt ratio discloses that the company has a debt level that matches their level of assets.   This is clearly bad news.Furthermore they have negative earnings per share ratio of -5.45.   This EPS ratio is significantly below the industry average of -2.75 will entail that it will be extremely difficult to attract new investors as they are unable to offer earnings on the investment, at the moment they are offering a loss.   In addition to t his, if the company financials do not pick up and they are forced to default there will be no return for the investors at all.The Return on Sales ratio is currently at .39.   This is also below the industry average.   Such a low ratio indicates that the sales are not equivalent to the company’s current operating expenses.However, on a positive note, the Current Ratio (an indication of the firm’s liquidity as measured by its liquid assets) of 1.71 shows some recovery and demonstrated that KKD have the resources to meet short-term obligations.One potential source of this could be cash generated by financing activities that can help to offset the unrewarded investments in finance acquisitions.   However, this is a short-term option and will not significantly offset investors concerns.KKD currently has a quick inventory turnover and averages 20 days.   This indicates that the company is managing their inventory well and is running an efficient operation with minima l waste.   In addition to this the turnover in receivable is 8 – 11 days which is much lower than one of their major competitors; Starbucks.   Their accounts payable turnover is also high relative to Satrbucks but this is probably a direct outcome of their franchise model.KKD as an investment has received a great deal of negative publicity recently and this will undoubtedly have impacted their share price.   Accusations relating to their accounting practices and the potential over inflation of profit levels will undoubtedly have lowered investor’s confidence in the company and has also triggered a number of lawsuits.Through analyzing their current financial status and taking into consideration their ongoing issues with the SEC, I would not invest in this company.Reference PageKrispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc KKD (NYSE) Full Description. Retrieved April 3, 2008, from Reuters FundamentalsWeb site: http://stocks.us.reuters.com/stocks/fullDescription.asp?symbol=KKDKrispy K reme History. Retrieved April 3, 2008, from Krispy KremeWeb site: http://www.krispykreme.com/history.htmlKrispy Kreme Quarterly Financial Report. (2007). Retrieved March 3, 2008, from Krispy KremeWeb site: http://www.krispykreme.com/investorrelations.html   

Assignment on children's museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

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Library Media Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Library Media Center - Essay Example Information technology enabled libraries to expand their horizons by gaining access to diverse sources of information, which are always ready for updates due to rapid changes of the modern times. Consequently, libraries gained trust from the users of the new generation, who used to have doubt on published resources which can only be timely at the time of their publication. Additionally, extensive sharing has enabled libraries to save costs from spending library budgets due to the explosion in published output (Tanvir, 2005). However, due to the rise of the utilization of information technology in libraries, some students have began to make decisions on which school to go to based on a school library's computer services (Capron, 2002) This has created overwhelming advantages for the large universities over small universities which are still in the process of adapting the latest technology in their school libraries. Hence, the bandwagon of information technology in libraries have somehow deprived small universities from expanding technology services as potential incoming students tend to prefer universities which have already adapted to the latest technological advances. Consequently, this case applies to all libraries as most users prefer "wired" libraries than conventional ones. Hence, the increased reliance on information technology has generated a disadvantage for most conventional libraries. Moreover, as libraries tend to prefer online output of modern resources, conservative library users who still favor the use of books and journals are disadvantaged as the possibility of gaining access to published output of modern sources have become limited. If I were to assume management of a school library center in a school with little or no technological infrastructure, where would you begin your efforts to upgrade computer resources Which library related technology should receive first priority If I were to assume management of a school library center with little or no technological infrastructure, I would begin my efforts in upgrading computer resources by providing an ample amount space for a computer laboratory consisting computers with modern operating systems. Then, the first pace of adapting information technology should begin in providing internet access to this laboratory. Internet access should receive the first priority in school library centers. This is because access to the internet will enable students to get hold of online sources of information of different fields, some of which are rare to find in publications. Also, students can somehow be assured that the information on the internet is updated, as compared to the information disseminated in published resources. For instance, modern lifestyle and the latest technological advances, which may take a year before entering the pages of a published output, can instantly appear on web pages within a matter of minutes or hours. Additionally, most reliable information sources have initiated the World Wide Web, as their internal information service. For example, the European research center CERN uses the Internet in order to disseminate latest research findings to the public (Book, 1994). Hence, as the Internet rapidly spread in the academia, it will serve as a strong source of information in school library

Understanding project contractors and contracting businesses Essay

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Summary of Chapter, Pricing Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

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Shouldice Hospital Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shouldice Hospital Ltd - Case Study Example Due to the growing popularity of their program and the procedure, Shouldice has reached capacity and has recently been exploring ways in which to add to their customer base. Several options have been considered including the construction of new facilities, extended hours, and diversification. In addition, Shouldice Hospital is preparing for a change in senior management due to the impending retirement of Dr. Degani. The task that faces Shouldice Hospital is to facilitate growth, while maintaining the current levels of patient care and employee relations in the midst of management change. Problem: The biggest problem facing Shouldice is increasing the patient load, without impacting quality of care or employee relations. Operating on Saturday, or going to multiple shifts, could serve more patients by increasing the utilization of the existing facilities. However, the senior staff is opposed to Saturday hours and the issue seems to be irreconcilable in regards to employee relations. Previous experience has shown that opening a new facility, or expanding the current facility, will be met with an increased demand for treatment. However, the growth rate of 100 patients every six months through word of mouth advertising may not meet the financial demands of a significant expansion. However, Shouldice Hospital runs the risk of product piracy, or image problems when advertising directly to the public. Framework: Because many of the patients at Shouldice come fr

Vietnamese Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Employer Compliance with the Patriot Act Essay Example for Free

Employer Compliance with the Patriot Act Essay Section 215 of the Patriot Act is an amendment to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 which states the federal government can request, and obtain, any â€Å"tangible things (including books, records, papers, documents, and other items) for an investigation to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities† (Aftab, 2003). This information may include E-mail messages, telecommunications, search engine audits, etc. Privacy laws state that disclosure of personally identifiable information can only be requested via a court order or subpoena. A company may face legal liability if it voluntarily complies with a government request for personal information. It is often a direct violation of posted privacy policies in an employee manual. This is considered a contract between the employer and employee and if it is breached, the company may be sued, particularly if there is no explanation regarding the process to be followed in the instance of receiving a court order or warrant. Compliance with the Patriot Act could violate non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements, as well. References Aftab, Parry (October 20, 2003). â€Å"The Privacy Lawyer: Patriotism, Compliance and Confidentiality†. Information Week. Retrieved February 29, 2008 from the Information Week Website: http://www.informationweek.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=15306232.

Treating Students Fairly Essay Example for Free

Treating Students Fairly Essay I think it makes much more sense to treat all learners differently. I think of it as a parent. If I have 4 children it is my responsibility to address each child’s needs. You can raise all children in the same home and they will all 4 walk away with a different experience and interpretation of what went on. I see the classroom the same way. A relationship should be built from the beginning. This way the students know that everyone in the classroom has different needs and I will do my best to meet them all. There is no favoritism just fairness. This has to be explained and revisited throughout the school year. There is a definite overrepresentation of African Americans in special education. I think the contributing factors are their environment, some not all are coming from single parent households and the value of education has to be examined. I think it is a sad state of affairs. Children who misbehave are not necessarily behavior problems. I think the genetics are different from African Americans and their counterparts. The diet is different as is the influences around them. More needs to be done to stop this but it won’t be easy. To start with a culturally responsive classroom I think there should be some ground rules set. Different cultures should be explored and discussed as a class. That would be best practice. In addition there should be pictures that reflect diversity around the classroom. Behavior and motivation will follow suit if addressed early. I think the students will see how the teacher responds and in turn respond the same way.

Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Composites

Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Composites 1)  The main factor that influences elastic modulus is the matrix , for example : Composites with a aluminium 6061 matrix have a good strength and higher ductility. The reinforcement content is the main factor in the enhancement of elastic modulus in the aluminium silicon metal matrix composite. The graph below show that aluminium silicon composites with higher strength, because of the increased silicon content, such as 2024/2124 or 7075 Al, had higher strengths but lower ductility. It also shows that the elastic modulus increased with the increase in the silicon content. The matrix type also effects the elastic modulus which typically consists of particulate, nodule or whisker type matrix. (Reference 3) The yield strength is usually effected by the matrix alloy ,type and the arrangement of the reinforcement effect the strengths of composites, in particular for those which have whisker reinforcement and Ductility tends to decrease with the reinforcement content is increased. In fracture toughness tests, an increase in particle quantity reduced the toughness of the composites .The main properties which influence the fracture toughness of MMCs is the type of reinforcement, size, shape, quantity and the distribution within the matrix and the toughness of matrix. The poor fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate of MMCs is due to low initiation energy for fracture due to high elastic modulus. The thermal expansion coefficient of aluminium silicon carbide fibres reinforced material is significantly influenced by the thermal stresses between the matrix and fibres and thermal expansion behaviour relies on the thermal expansion of the fibres. For applications subjected to severe loads or extreme thermal  fluctuations such as in automotive components, discontinuously-reinforced metal  matrix composites have been shown to offer near isotropic properties Automotive brake disc and callipers are typically made of cast iron, the use of aluminium silicon MMC, would result in a significant weight reduction of around 50- 60% can be made which helps reduce vehicle fuel consumption and improve overall braking and handling as well as the high thermal conductivity and wear resistance, dimensional stability and excellent cyclic wear properties. Examples of vehicle which have SiC-reinforced aluminium brake disks are vehicles such as the Lotus Elise Volkswagen Lupo. For aluminium composite brake discs to become more common would requires costs to come down and for improved machine ability. Aluminium MMC shows much higher resistance to wear than the matrix material by its self. The wear of MMC is much more linear than the matrix material by self, and therefore makes it possible to predict wear patterns and the amount of use than can be obtain from a component. The reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which provides a useful guide for better control of their wear. (reference 5)MMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC show s much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforce ment particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wear.MMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wear.MMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and r estrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wear 3) From data gathered with the use of the CES software it gave for of the most suitable manufacturing method for a metal matrix component with slots in the design. The above graph so that these four production methods were Laser powder forming, squeeze casting, powder injection molding and die press sintering. Several criteria were considering during the material selection such has relative cost index , production rates , tool life and economic batch size. looking at the CES data , it showed that the most suitable production method be die cast and sintering. With die casting and sintering a relatively high rate of production can be achieved whilst keeping the relative cost index low. This is important because it helps lower the cost of aluminium MMC brake disc which are still expensive and not used by many manufactures because of this. Pressing and sintering is a powder processing process that falls in the manufacturing process category of forming .The typical cold pressing and sintering process starts with aluminum silicone MMC in powder being poured into a closed mould. Pressure is then applied to the closed mould at a high enough pressure for the powder to bind together. After the disc is taken out of the mould it is then put through the sintering process. The sintering process begins with the brake disc being heated up in order to burn of any lubricant and is then heated up to a even higher sintering temperature in a protective gas surrounding to prevent oxidization. (reference 2) 4) There has been an increased interest in the use of Aluminium based metal matrix composites in brake discs and drums in recent years. The wear characteristics of AMMCs were high speeds and loads the behaviour could be greatly improved beyond that of cast iron discs, with the correct match of disc and pad material. Casting process is very difficult if reinforcement Material is wet and this can results in non-uniform distribution and poor mechanical characteristics for the finished brake disc. To resolve this problem, reinforcements are pre-heated at 500 °C for 40 minutes. Porosity is the major problem in casting which is why moulds are preheated, to 500 °C, which helps in removing the gases which are trapped in the slurry to go into the mould. It also enhances the mechanical properties of the cast AMC.   Sorter fibres in a random orientation are typically not as strong as long fibres in a specific orientation. However the use of sort fibres in random orientation mean s that less human interaction is required in the production and therefore helps brings the cost of production and well as minimising the possibly of something going wrong in the production process my eliminating human error. SiC/Al composites have increased strength with the increase in the silicone content and had higher strengths but lower ductility. The use of longer fibres also means that they generally have to be arranged in a specific order which is time consuming and also requires human interaction and this all reduces the number of units that can be produced a day. An example of this carbon ceramic brake disc where the discs which have longer fibres cost significantly more and will only be used in very exotic cars such as Koenigsegg where as more budget sports cars such as Porsche tend to use discs with sort random fibers which are far more cost effective. Bibliography 1) A. Mazahery, M. O. Shabani . (2012). Mechanical properties of A356 matrix composites reinforced with nano-SiC particles. Available: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11223-012-9423-0. Last accessed 16/12/2016 2) unknown. (2004). Aluminum Matrix Composites with Discontinuous Silicon Carbide Reinforcement. Available: http://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticlesite=ktnNM=108. Last accessed 16 December 2016 3) Ajit Bhandakkar1*, R. C. Prasad1, Shankar M. L. Sastry2. (2014). Elastic plastic fracture toughness of aluminium. Available: http://www.vbripress.com/aml/uploads/540c820f6cee71410105871_fullabstratct.pdf. Last accessed 16 December 2016. 4) S. Taufik a, à ¢Ã‚ Ã… ½, S. Sulaiman b . (2014). Thermal Expansion Model for Cast Aluminium Silicon Carbide . Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813020511. Last accessed 16 December 2016. 5) Parth S. Joshi, Kiran C. Hegade, Apoorv S. Kulkarni . (2016). Manufacturing of Disc Brake Rotor Using. Available: http://www.onlinejournal.in/IJIRV2I6/226.pdf. Last accessed 16/12/2016.The machinability of an Alà ®- ¸5 Mg alloy reinforced with 5 vol% Saffil and 15 vol% SiC was compared with that of Duralcan (A356) reinforced with 15 vol% SiC. In terms of tool wear and metal removal rate with both cemented carbide and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools, it was found that the Duralcan/ SiC was significantly easier to machine than the composite with the Al-5 Mg matrix. This is attributed to the effect of the matrix on the mechanisms of abrasion wear. The machinability of an Alà ®- ¸5 Mg alloy reinforced with 5 vol% Saffil and 15 vol% SiC was compared with that of Duralcan (A356) reinforced with 15 vol% SiC. In terms of tool wear and metal removal rate with both cemented carbide and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools, it was found that the Duralcan/ SiC was sig nificantly easier to machine than the composite with the Al-5 Mg matrix. This is attributed to the effect of the matrix on the mechanisms of abrasion wear.

War on Drugs Causes the Viloation of Individual Rights Essays -- Expos

Everyone knows the parable of the emperor with no clothes. The significance of a child being the one to point out the emperor's nudity, as opposed to a sermonizing preacher or self-righteous intellectual, is simple to understand. Neither morality nor logic was responsible for stripping the emperor's veil of falsehood. All it took was the truth. One can't help but think of this when considering Gary Johnson, the Republican governor of New Mexico, who, despite pressure from power brokers at the top of his own party, has proclaimed that the emperor that is this country's war on drugs is not only naked to the world, but that its body is festering with the sores of moral decay and corruption. In the governor's own words, "The drug problem is getting worse. It's not getting better ... It needs to get talked about, and one of the things that's going to get talked about is decriminalization." He continues: "What I'm trying to do here is launch discussion ... I think it is the number one problem facing this country today... We really need to put all options on the table" (Albuquerque Journal, June 24, 1999). Not wishing to make a statement without providing viable ideas to support it, Johnson said that changing laws regarding the possession of marijuana would be a logical "first step" since pot is "probably the least dangerous of the identified narcotic drugs that we have" (Albuquerque Journal, July 1, 1999 and Hobbs News-Sun, July 2, 1999). Johnson is not simply grandstanding, as the facts of the situation point out clearly. Despite massive expenditures, the simple fact is that the war on drugs is a total failure. There is more, not less, drug-related violent crime in the United States today than 30 years ago. Far from pro... ...guaranteed by the Constitution. Undeniably, it is a violation of the basic principles of human dignity used to formulate the Constitution. Irrefutably, it provides an almost irresistible temptation for police abuse. And this is one of the mildest forms of enforcement in the hands of the drug warriors. In light of such bleak evidence, it is clear that the drug war has created no winners, but an abundance of losers. The biggest losers are the American citizens, who have seen their cherished rights discarded and continue to suffer decaying schools, nonexistent or inadequate health care, and crumbling infrastructure in poor and rural areas. And still, billions of dollars are poured into a campaign that is nothing more than a ponderous artifact with no place in a free society. The drug war failed a long time ago, and it's time to let it die. That is the naked truth.

Causation and Moral Responsibility for Death Essay -- Euthanasia Physi

Causation and Moral Responsibility for Death ABSTRACT: The distinction between killing and letting die has been a controversial element in arguments about the morality of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. The killing/letting die distinction is based on causation of death. However, a number of causal factors come into play in any death; it is impossible to state a complete cause of death. I argue that John Mackie’s analysis of causation in terms of ‘inus factors,’ insufficient but non-redundant parts of unnecessary but sufficient conditions, helps us to see that moral responsibility for death cannot rest on causation alone. In specifying the cause of death, some factors can be considered alternatively as either causal factors or merely parts of the presupposed background conditions. If a factor is moved from the background field into the causal field, the result is a changed background field. Comparisons of cases of killing and letting die often do just this; hence, the cases depend on different pres uppositions and the causation cannot be directly compared. Moral judgments determine how to apportion factors to the causal and background fields. The distinction between killing and letting die has been used by many to condemn euthanasia and assisted suicide while giving approbation to withdrawing life-support systems in at least some patients. In the recent United States Supreme Court decision which denies a right to physician-assisted suicide, Chief Justice Rehnquist writes that "when a patient refuses life sustaining medical treatment, he dies from an underlying fatal disease or pathology; but if a patient ingests lethal medication prescribed by a physician, he is killed by that medication." (1) It is doubtful, ho... ..., no.3 (1976): 15-16. (7) John Mackie, The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation, paperback edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). (8) Ibid., 60-62. (9) Ibid., 63. (10) Ibid., 66-67. This statement of a "gappy" universal is fundamentally the same as Mackie’s, but I have altered the formulation for consistency. (11) O.H. Green, "Killing and Letting Die," American Philosophical Quarterly 17 (1980): 195-204, and Helga Kuhse, The Sanctity-of-Life Doctrine in Medicine: A Critique (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987). (12) Kuhse, 50-51. (13) Ibid., 67-68. (14) Ibid., 68. (15) President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment: Ethical, Medical, and Legal Issues in Treatment Decisions (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983), 69.

Mestiza Whitening Soap Essay

Whitening Soap have the distinct smell and have usually and orange color. Papaya also contains enzyme that will give our skin more refreshing. Papaya soap contains three main ingredients; papaya extract, papaya juice, and pulp. The three ingredients will be combine during the soap manufacturing. Vitamins C and A are highly concentrated in most papaya fruits, along with beta carotene and an enzyme called papain, an enzyme that helps digest proteins. The vitamins in papaya are often nourishing for the skin, especially for those with blemishes and scars. The antioxidants in these vitamins purportedly helps wash away dead and dry skin cells very quickly, promoting the growth of new, healthy skin. This quick turnover of skin growth typically helps fade scars, heal blemishes, and helps scabbed-over wounds become soft and pliable again more quickly. The papain enzyme helps the vitamins in the papaya soap to do their work, in addition to performing several functions of its own. Papaya also helps to keep the skin soft, pliable, and new-looking, making it a popular facial soap. Its exfoliating properties promote smooth skin and may help remove uneven coloring and dark spots over time. Some manufacturers advertise very fast spot correction with papaya soap, but papaya alone will not usually remove spots quickly. Several months of using the soap may show results in this area. Those with food allergies should read labels closely to make sure they won’t have an adverse reaction to their chosen soap. Core benefit of the product: 1. Fade scars and black stain Papaya Soap can get rid of scars as Papaya soap contains Papain which will removes sore and injured skin. Papaya soap can also be used to eliminate black spots of the skin, to fade scars, stimulate the formation of new skin cells and it should constant use until the skin return to normal. 2. Overcome the problem of acne Acne arises usually caused by cell exfoliation of dead skin cells that clog the pores of the skin. This resulted in the formation of dead skin cells and when met with excessive oil production will cause instances of causes acne. Therefore, Papaya soap act effectively to peel the dead skin cells so that acne will not popup, and at the same time it will remove the scars of acne overtime. 3. Whitening and Skin Whitening Equipped with Cocoa extract to soften new skin cells, soap also contains papaya enzyme papain to regenerate new skin cells. With regular application, your skin will become bright, white, and stain-free. Picture of Location The location of the business is in 1570 Dela Paz Bldg. Dapitan St. Sampaloc, Manila Measurement As we know there’s a lot of Papaya soap that have been produce in market now days such as Likas Papaya Soap, Silka Papaya soap, Royale Beauty Kojic Papaya Soap and ect. So for our Papaya soap brand name, we choose to use MESTISA (whitening soap). We choose this name because as we can see after using this Papaya Soap we can see the differences after using it. Rough skin, flake skin, oily skin and so on can become smooth, fresh and the oily skin will be decrease after using this papaya soap. So that’s why we choose Pure White and it is also shows the consumers about the naturality if they used our product. Price List Small- P600 Big- P800 Logo Front view: Back view: This example of our product packaging. In front of our soap box as we can see there’s our product name Mestiza, which picture of girl and Papaya fruit which mean, if we use this soap then our skin will be look more white and become natural like the girl in the picture and the green circle and the star mean is made by 100% papaya fruit. We also choose the orange color because it is show the originality of the papaya fruit. On the top of the packaging the sentence is explaining briefly about our product. â€Å"Bathing your skin with a new young beauty MESTIZA (whitening soap). It is made to gently cleanse and deeply nourish your skin, leaving it soft, smooth and refreshed. 100% derived from the papaya fruit extracts that help to whiten skin and smoothens for all kind’s of skin. † On back of this box customer can see the ingredients of our product. The ingredient of our product is Coconut Nucifera, RicinusCommunis, Oil, Sodium Hydroxide, Glycerin and another substan ces that have been allowed. How to use this soap: lather in the palm of our hand. Apply on wet face and gently massage, concentrating on forehead, nose and chin. Avoid eye contour areas, in case of contact with the eyes, rinse immediately. Suitable for daily usage. You can use it for shower and face, massage your body 2-3 minute then wash it with water. And as we see there’s â€Å"Halal† logo, this product can be used for any people (can be used whether muslim and non-muslim). We also put our company logo there which the blue circle means that our product will be sell around the world and the good sign is customer will satisfied and will not disappointed about our product. Benefit of this product 1. Papaya Soap for Dark Spots and Skin Whitening As we know, papaya soap is quite famous because of its can make our skin  lightening. Using these papaya soap, dark spots will disappear in just a few weeks. It can minimize the body’s production of melanin which is the main cause of the darkening of our skin. Papaya soap not only lighten your skin’s complexion but more importantly is evens it out so that you don’t have dark areas in your face, dark underarms or elbows and minimize the discoloration caused by scars. 2. Papaya Soap for Acne and Skin Exfoliation As you use papaya soap, the papaya enzyme that’s a natural substance found in the papaya fruit, promotes the removal of dead skin. Dean skin can dry up your skin leaving it itchy and rough. Skin exfoliation is also important so that no other elements like dirt and dust particles are trapped in your skin which can cause pimples and blackheads. Through daily use of papaya soap, Acne and scars will be minimized and you’ll exfoliate your skin making it softer, whiter and pimple free. 3. Leaves your Skin Healthy and Smooth One of the signs of an unhealthy skin is dryness. If you are scratching often or have noticed cracked on skin patches, then you may already have dry skin. Papaya soap is one of the more effective treatments to dry skin as it rejuvenates the skin. 4. Papaya Soap Heals Acne and Pimple Scars Since Papaya soap mainly flake the skin, it can unclog pores that have been backed up by dead skin cells and over production of sebum, the natural oil that our skin secretes. Pimples appear when dead skin and sebum are not immediately washed away. This is why, we should regular use of papaya soap, acne can be avoided and you can prevent any breakouts of those embarrassing rashes and pimples. 5. Relieves Pain from Insect Bites A fact about the papaya enzyme is that it can breakdown proteins and the toxins left by an insect bite. Rinsing and washing a bug bite and stings with papaya soap and water can relieve the pain and itching. This can be a very welcome idea especially if medical creams are unavailable. Variety of the product line 1. Shapes We just make our product into rectangle shape. This is because if we make it like that it will be easy to hold and can be divides by for easy use if needed, depending on customer convenience. 2. Color We used orange as our primary color for our product because it will shows the originality of product that it has been made of 100% from the fruit itself. Plus, we also make it orange to make sure customers are not confused. If we make our soap from papaya, we should try to make the product exactly the same color as the fruit, otherwise the customers will not even bother buying it. 3. Scent and Flavor The scent and flavors of course, we used the papaya’s natural ingredient to make our soap, not only for facial use but at the same time for aromatherapy. The customers will feel relax and refresh after each use of our product. Target market/customer for the cosmetic product Our target market is men and women between 18-30 who are still students or recent graduate. They are most likely the target group who really wanted to care of their appearance. They are energetic, like going out with their friends and wanted to look elegant in the public. We also focus on a woman who already married with an age between 30-50. Even though they are married, they really wanted to look beautiful for their husband. Young men and women who are still a student are really focused on studying and most of them do not have at least a part-time job. They rely on their parents to send them money. Their budget is limited for food and some other expenses to cover up. Rather than purchase an expensive cosmetics products, they probably turn to some cheap products that have the same effect. Lastly, we also focus on customers who have severe acne problem. People with acne problem tend to avoid going out in the public because there are too ashamed of their appearance. Sometime commercial product does not work at all and some branded goods are expensive. The marketing mix/4P application 1. Product Our traditional cosmetics focus on customers who wanted their facial skin to be free of black spot and look radiant. They do not need to spend their money on some expensive facial whitening product. Nowadays, women are not the only one who worried about appearances, even men wanted to be beautiful for their own image. In order to meet customer’s expectation, we introduced product that gives them the same effect as other expensive cosmetic products in form of a soap that is easy to use with just a cheap price. 2. Price The suggested retail price of P60.00 each which is the cheapest whitening product in market yet. Those who cannot afford to purchase an expensive cosmetic product, the customers can turn to this product as an alternative for their facial problems. 3. Promotion The promotion aspect for this product only apply to advertising, we make advertisement using internet, poster sites and newspapers. Other promotional methods include sales promotions, direct mail, and demonstration. In overseeing the product’s success, we will offer a special promotion for the products before integrating it into normal inventory. 4. Place Our products will be most likely to be sold in place where other cosmetics products are sold, but we will also put the product in a supermarket of grocery store. This way the customer would not have the problem to buy the product because it is easy to find. Most of facial product or cosmetics product have the same purpose, and that is to be used by customers and gain profit from it. The companies or certain organization claiming that their product is better that the others and vice versa. At the end of the day, customers are the only people who will decide which product is better. Customers nowadays like cosmetics product that will show the result faster. So, it will be natural that the customers will try to avail variety among the different brands, which is the reason why different brands or products give discounts and launch new stuff. Brand Decision process depends on economic view such that if a buyer knew about any cosmetic products in less price and more benefits then definitely he or she will consume it, therefore  our product offer more benefits in reasonable price for consumer to make a favorable decision. Consumers search for goods that fulfill their needs and enrich their lives. Our products go beyond delivery of a commodity or service; they pursue the development of a long term profitable relationship with their customers.Customers will buy our product mainly because of three factors fragrance, package and ingredients. Computation (Income Statement) Reference 1. http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/benefits-of-papaya-for-skin-and-hair/ 2. http://www.sabunpepaya.net/ 3. http://khasiatdaunpepaya.blogspot.com/2013/05/manfaat-sabun-pepaya-untuk-kecantikan.html 4. http://www.ehow.com/about_6783990_papaya-soap-skin-whitening.html 5. http://www.livestrong.com/article/230286-what-are-the-benefits-of-papaya-soap/ 6. http://www.info.com/papaya%20soap?cb=63&cmp=2884

Baskerville Murder Essay

Murder mystery tales are among the most popular book genre. Murder mysteries will usually consist of an unknown murder that killed a significant character. The detective has to decide among many suspects with clues he or she found in the course of the book. Authors typically write books of this genre because they give the reader a feeling of suspense and confusion as they read the story. It keeps them guessing and switching their opinions as new facts are read. In The Hound of the Baskervilles by Arthur Conan Doyle, protagonists, Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson meet many people involved while trying to find the murderer of Sir Charles Baskerville, as said to be a mythical demon hound. Although there are many subjects in the case of the murder, Dr. Mortimer, The Barrymores, Jack Stapleton, and Roger Baskerville. Dr. James Mortimer is a medical practitioner. He is described as tall, thin, and good-natured with rather eccentric habits. He is the first suspect Holmes and Watson meet and the person to tell them about the case. He is possibly the murderer because he was in charge of Sir Charles will when he died. He could of manipulated the will to his own use. By killing Sir Charles the will follows whatever he would of made it. He challenges Holmes in the intro of the story to solve the case. He also owns a dog as shown on the carriage when him, Henry and Watson were headed to Baskerville Hall and discovered by the bite marks of his cane. Its possible that Mortimer could of used his dog and disguised him as the hound to scare Charles at a distance. He is also a close acquaintance to the Baskervilles so he knows a lot about the family that he could of used fro his plans. His information on Sir Charles’ condition at the time is explained when Mortimer said, â€Å"Within the last few month s it became increasingly plain to me that Sir Charles’s nervous system was strained to the breaking point† (Doyle, 43). With this information he could had literally â€Å"scared him to death† with any means that would relate to the hound’s curse. Mr. and Mrs. Barrymore are servants to Sir Charles and Henry. Mr. Barrymore is described as tall, thin and has a black beard. They are very close to the Baskervilles since their family served them for generations. Their motives could be after their wealth or maybe on the inside they are sick of serving them. The hound of legends could have been the Barrymores who served Hugo Baskerville and they were tired of a life of servitude. This hound could of went on from generation to generation. Supposedly, Holmes and Watson first seen Mr. Barrymore when they were chasing a man in a van and the driver described him as a short man with a black beard. When Watson and Henry arrive at Baskerville Hall, Mr. Barrymore says he and his wife would leave the hall soon because of Charles’ death and its too painful of them. As for Mrs. Barrymore, Watson says during the first night, â€Å"And then suddenly, in the very dead of the night, there came a sound to my ears†¦ It was the sob of a wo man, the muffled, strangling gasp of one who is torn by an uncontrollable sorrow† (Doyle, 159). The crying indeed comes from Mrs. Barrymore, which could have been caused, as Watson predicts, a haunting memory. Its possible the letter they received could also have something to do with the case. Jack Stapleton is a short man and a naturalist. He lives in the outskirts away from the other neighbors and the Baskerville Hall. He lives with his sister, Beryl and two servants. He became a suspect because Mortimer told Holmes and Watson that he knows the ins and outs of the moor. Watson first meets him when he came up to Watson and began a conversation. Oddly enough, he was interested in what Holmes and Watson thinks of the case and murder so far. After a few days with Stapleton, Watson believes something is not right about Stapleton and that he is masking his true colors to him. His motives could be that he is after the fortune of the family and only wants to be rich. When Beryl came to Stapleton and Watson while they finished their conversation, she said, â€Å"Go back! Go straight back to London, instantly†¦ Go away from this place at all costs! Hush, my brother is coming! Not a word of what I have said† (Doyle, 183). Thinking Watson was Henry, se gave him a warning , but said not to tell Stapleton. She later explains that he doesn’t want Henry to leave because the people need someone, but Watson is well aware she is hiding something. If Stapleton was the killer, he must be a master of disguise. When the driver described the man as short and with a black beard, Stapleton could of easily put on a fake beard and mislead the duo. He would also have access to Henry’s hotel room and take his shoes and he could of disguised himself as the hound. Roger Baskerville was the â€Å"black sheep† of the family when Hugo Baskerville was the owner. He is the son of Hugo and the brother of John. Mortimer states that he escaped to Latin America because he was an outcast and disgrace to the family. Interestingly enough, he never states if he died while there. Roger could of came back for revenge and would kill every Baskerville so he would be the only heir left. If he did survive and he came back, he is hiding somewhere from the people. What’s difficult is that anyone could be him because its unknown what he looks like. As Mortimer and Henry travel to Baskerville Hall, they were stopped and Perkins told them, â€Å"There’s a convict escaped form Princetown, sir. He’s been out for three days now, and the warders every road an every station, but they’re had no sight of him yet† (Doyle, 146). Roger could be the convict, Selden, and killed Charles before or after he was thrown in prison. Mortimer, the Barrymores, Stapleton and Roger Baskerville are the most likely suspects to the killer. Out of the four Stapleton could be the killer because he is more mysterious than the others and the fact he knows the moor makes him the prime suspect. Overall, mystery books are interesting because as the reader continues the story, his or her opinion will keep changing and gives the reader the suspense of who the person is. The Hound of the Baskervilles is one of many excellent mystery novels.

Review on The Pursuit of Happyness Essay

The Pursuit of Happyness is a very moving film about a man and his quest for a better life. It is an inspiring case study of how many of the elements of happiness work together from relationships, to poverty, to positive mental attitude and determination. The movie is based on the true story of Chris Gardener, a struggling entrepreneur in 1980s San Francisco, with one driving ambition- to be a good father to his son. He tries to improve the family financial situation by purchasing and selling medical equipment, but the investment does not work out and the family sinks further into poverty. He sees his chance to make good after admiring a sports car on the street in the business district, where all the people seem happy. The car owner tells Chris he is a stock broker and anyone who is good with numbers and with people can be successful as a stock broker- even without a college degree. Chris uses his people skills and demonstrates the value of good relationships to get a chance at an internship where he must compete with 20 other candidates for 6 months for one paid position. His wife leaves him, he loses his apartment, bank accounts, credit cards, and has to spend time in jail, but all through it he is dedicated to keeping his son and pursuing his dream. The title, Pursuit of Happyness spelled with a y,comes from some graffiti at the daycare center and is also a reference to an essay written by a biracial man in the US shortly after the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson. The movie is beautifully acted by Will Smith and well written. It shows how people without money are often victimized and bullied by those who do have money and power. Yet Chris Gardener repeatedly demonstrates the importance of good relationships even with people who treat him badly. He shows the importance of knowing his strengths and using them, even in unconventional ways. His optimism turns into dogged determination as he demonstrates incredible persistence and creativity in his pursuit of happiness. The realism and emotional punch of the Christopher Gardner story makes this a moving and inspiring drama. Whether you are inspired to be grateful for your own circumstances or by the value of grace and determination, this movie is sure to show you something about happiness- its importance and how to get it. The Pursuit of Happyness teaches us a lot about the importance of virtues and strengths in our happy lives.

Electronic Bill Payment in Canada

1-Introduction: In today’s evolutionary world, where technology keeps on revolutionizing our everyday tasks, electronic bill presentment and payment offer a whole new billing process by offering online and real time presentment of bills and payment choices. It offers great advantages and significantly improves customer care and customer relationship management. We will cover the information found in an electronic bill, followed by the process of a bill presentment. We will briefly compare traditional paper-based bills and electronic bills.And then, we will expose the different parties involved in an electronic bill presentment and payment, followed by the different evolution phases. The advantages and the risks associated with the adopting the EBPP or not. Finally we will see the different users of EBPP in Canada. Electronic transactions will gradually become the principal method for both consumers and companies to pay their bills. The main business driver is the important cos t reduction for billers from reducing manual work and paper, but it must also present an advantage to customers in order to be successful.For now, customers who have become accustomed to internet banking are the prime candidates for EBPP. On July 8, 2004, EPO Inc (Canada Post’s epost) acquired Webdox, the only other bill delivery service in Canada. Together they will provide Canadians with a single EBPP service that will be one of the most advanced of its kind in the world. Figure: Billing Process Stages 2-Definitions: Instead of the hassle of having to make physical payments, electronic payments are payments made online. They are made through the financial institution’s website.Electronic Billing is the electronic delivery and presentation of bills, invoices, and related information sent by a company to its customers. Instead of receiving paper bills through the mail, and then writing out and sending a check, bills can be received by e-mail, or accessed through the bi ller’s website. It is also known as Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment, or EBPP, which is a model based on business-to-consumer. Electronic Invoice Presentment and Payment, or EIPP, is the equivalent for a business-to-business payment, however, we won’t be overing it in this paper. The Electronic Bill Presentment & Payment (EBPP) model enables customers of banks and billing companies to use the internet or the phone to conveniently remit payments as well as access their billing information. It was created in the United-States by the Council for Electronic Billing and Payment (CEBP) of the National Automated Clearing House Association (NACHA) The biggest and most obvious difference between EBPP systems and the traditional method of bill payment, is that of technology.Rather than receiving a bill through the mail, writing out and sending a check, consumers receive their bills in an email, or are prompted to visit a website to view and pay their bills 3-Content Creat ion and Bill Design: There are several types of information in an electronic bill, most of which are the same you would find in a traditional paper bill. First, it identifies the customer, or their authorized agent, in order to link this particular bill to the biller’s account receivable processes.It includes the name and address, the account number with the Biller (or any other information that the biller has determined to identify its customers like an ID number, username, or phone number), and the time period for the bill ( a week, or a month, or a year). Second, it states the amount due from the customer, as well as any details explaining new charges over the billing period if there are any; for example, long distance phone bills contain details of each call and other specific charges included in the amount due. Third, it specifies the date when the total amount is due.Fourth, it includes a period-to-period reconciliation of activity since the last bill or statement was p roduced, so that the customer is able to compare the differences. Fifth, it specifies the disclosure information from Biller to Customer, so that the Customer is advised of the disclosure policy of the biller. Sixth, the customer can view his previous bills and account activity history from prior billing cycles. The electronic bill is also an opportunity for advertising (which the biller controls) that help in cross selling and marketing the biller’s product and services.Finally, customer care contact information is available in case a customer needs help or guidance. The term Bill Summary is generally used to encompass the essential items : Name, Amount due and due date. The term Bill Detail is used to include any of the remaining items, which a Biller may elect to send to its customers 4-Presentment of the Bill – Process: Transitioning from Paper-Based to Electronic Formats There are five different methods of porting the printed documents and their information conten t to an online form that can be utilized by EBPP: 1. Conversion to PDF format . Rasterization to GIF, JPG or PNG formats 3. Recomposition into HTML or XML 4. Conversion to normal HTML or XML 5. Translation to highly formatted HTML or XML Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the application, the organization will decide which method to use. i)Content Creation and Deployment: In the bill-presentment stage, the primary steps of content authoring and deployment are essential. The steps include creation of the content, content reviews, approving the content, modification of the content and lastly, the deployment of the content.Exhibit 1, illustrates the process involved in the content creation and deployment phase. The policies and procedures involved in the content creation and deployment require responsibilities to be designated to certain individuals to further ensure that all aspects of the web page are well maintained. Developing an internal style gui de would serve to provide the page layout, design elements and maintain consistency in terms of the look and feel of the web pages. The style guide would also facilitate the system by providing information on how to link one page to other pages. The creation of the web page (presentment) is rather straightforward.The true challenges arise when facing a number of issues, namely the maintenance of the web page in terms of the content of information and errors/breakdowns and up to date modifications (could be daily), as well as the configuration of the access network on which the web page is based. ii)Notification Notification about the invoice can be delivered to the customer (bill payer) in a variety of ways. The most common method used is notification through e-mails. The customer receives an e-mail notifying them of the account balance or amount due. However, this method is limited in terms of its graphical presentation and potential.A more effective method of notifying the consume r of their invoice is to send the URL (link of the website) that contains the invoice in order to overcome the limitations of e-mailing the invoice. The latest trend however in the notification aspect of a bill is via mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Instead of e-mailing the customer, the biller may establish a database for the client’s phone numbers and send them text messages stating the amount due, the due date of the bill as well as any additional information the biller finds necessary to provide.In the traditional case of paper-based bills, notification is done through mailing the actual invoice to the customer/client. iii)Bill Presentment: Under EBPP, bill presentment is the stage where the biller/consolidator delivers a copy of the actual bill to the customer/client in an electronically generated format. The bill may be presented with complete details of the invoice or as a summary of the details, depending on the extent and intensity of the detail s involved. Through bill presentment, the biller is able to communicate more effectively with the clients being billed.The reason why interaction between the biller and the clients is enhanced is due to the ability of the biller to guide the customers to the areas of interest as well as study or better understand the client’s preferences and trends. Electronic bill presentment may also assist the biller by improving brand loyalty by providing the clients with a well developed a compelling experience. Aspects concerning marketing and advertising can also be addressed by monitoring and controlling the space of the web page surrounding the area of the invoice.Additional aspects may be provided by making information about pending orders, past payments as well as pending payments available. iv)Electronic Payment and Posting: This presents the last stage involved in EBPP. The Billers as well as the consolidators are required to provide the customers with various forms of payments i n order to provide the customer with flexibility. Payments may be set to be made automatically or at the discretion of the customer. The types of payments may include: †¢Direct debit from accounts †¢One-time payments †¢Check payments Online payments/ Electronic funds transfers †¢Bank cards/ Credit card payments. Customers are also provided with the choice of making multiple payments to a single provider or one combined payment for multiple services to the consolidator (such as epost). The concept of â€Å"Posting† highlights the documentation of the information on when the bill was paid, how the payment was made and the amount of the payment made for the services. Such information is then updated to the biller’s accounts-receivables systems. 5-Comparison of Paper-Based and Electronic SolutionsExhibits 2 and 3 show the comparison between the paper based billing cycle and the electronic billing cycle. In both billing cycles (electronic and paper based ), the creation of the bill goes through the same stages: Data collection, Mediation, Rating and Content creation and bill design. In the stage of bill design and creation however, the bill is only formatted when it’s a paper based one, and printed when it’s an electronic bill. The main difference between the two cycles is at the stage of the Presentment of the bill.In the case of a paper based payment, after the bill is formatted, there is notification by regular mail and then the bill is presented. In the case of the electronic billing cycle, there is notification by internet and then there’s an extra stage where the bill is converted onto a Web-friendly format, this is referred to as the Transition to Electronic stage. Finally, the bill is presented either by Web or printed and the check is sent to the biller if it’s a paper based bill, or the payment could be executed immediately and electronically in the case of an electronic bill. – Parties I nvolved: Billers, bankers, aggregators and consolidators implementing EBPP can play various roles in the overall EBPP process. Once roles are defined, it is easier to identify which model (aggregator, biller-direct or e-mail based) is most appropriate for the client's EBPP strategy. Billers may also implement more than one model in order to best serve their clients. Because the industry is continuously changing and redefining, the options and opportunities for EBPP will continue to expand.There are several parties involved in the EBPP process: The biller payment provider, or BPP, is the biller’s bank that receive payment and provides account receivable information. It is an agent of the biller that accepts remittance informatio on behalf of the biller. The bill service provider, or BSP, provides EBPP services to the biller like posting bill details, consolidating bills and delivering them to the customer service provider, or providing bill summary ditribution. The customer se rvice provider, or CSP, as it names implies, provides the customer with an interface for bill presentment.It enrolls them, enables presentment and provides customer care and support. They are contacted directly by the customer to help with a payment or receive general assistance and answer questions. The Consolidator is a biller service provider that aggregates all the customer’s bills from multiple billers in one central website. An example of a consolidator is Canada’s epost where the customer securely accesses the website to both view and pay his/her bills. It is advantageous in that the customers can view and pay all their bills at once. 7- Evolution Phases:The fast paced development of the Internet (World Wide Web) has enabled the establishment of an environment where companies and customers have direct and immediate forms of communication. This made way to more effective and efficient methods to undertake transactions between two or more parties. Services such as Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment (EBPP) were bound to take place. The end result was replacing paper mail bills with electronic documents that served the same purpose, only in a more efficient light. In 1999, Canada post implemented the world’s first electronic post office, epost.This put Canada in the forefront of the Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment market. By providing a free and universally available service, epost dominated the e-billing market and provided solutions to many Canadians. By 2002, the e-billing market was split between epost and Webdoxs, epost’s main competitor at the time. In July 2004, epost increased its market share through its acquisition of webdoxs. This made epost Canada’s main EBPP service provider and by the end of 2004, epost secured 1. 6 million registered users. However, despite the growth of the e-billing sector, the profits generated were not significant.The combined revenue of e-billing service providers, namely, epost, Innovapost and Canada post International Ltd. was $192 million in 2004, $18 million less than the previous year. Despite the substantial drop in the revenues generated by e-billing service providers the prospects for the e-billing sector remained optimistic due to the high growth potential of the e-billing sector. Canada post was aware of the fact that the average bill paying customer needed time to adapt to the new techniques provided by e-billings sector. Visa Canada's national purchasing study, â€Å"How Business Buys,† released May 2001, shows that e-commerce based billing and ordering processes will more than quadruple by 2005. Currently, e-billing accounts for only two percent of corporate billing. Benefits include reduced internal costs and reduced time consumption. † Visa Study published by Allbusiness in 2001 (http://www. allbusiness. com/public-administration/1169884-1. html) In 2005, epost approached Canada’s major financial institutions in orde r to implement the e-billing component through the financial institutions’ online banking element.Such a step would allow the banks’ clients to gain access to the same epost features (receiving, viewing, paying and storing bills online) directly from the financial institutions’ website. This in turn would enable epost to reach a larger market base of customers through the financial institutions. â€Å"Research that focused on people who bank online shows they are increasingly valuable, long-term bank customers who are more likely to invest more money and purchase additional services. These are the same customers that would be attracted to and benefit from EBPP.It’s our goal to have every Canadian banking online, receive all their critical mail online through epost. † As stated by Roger Couldrey, president and CEO of epost. By the end of 2005, epost had been integrated into many of Canada’s major financial institutions, namely Bank of Montrea l (BMO – Canada’s first bank), CIBC, Laurentian Bank, Desjardins, Royal Bank of Canada Financial Group, National Bank of Canada, Scotia Bank and Toronto Dominion Trust. By targeting Canada’s online banking customers, epost was able to effectively increase interest and use of the e-billing sector.According to statistics gathered by ComScore Media Metrics in 2004, 11 million Canadians browsed their financial institution’s website in order to access their financial information. Additionally, in 2003 Forrester Research found Canadians to be early adopters of Web-based financial services when compared to Americans. A large number of Canadians, 55 percent, used the web for banking/financial services while only 37 percent of Americans used the internet for banking services. Such statistics set the market base for epost and established the key basis for its inevitable expansion as Canada’s leading EBPP service provider.Today EBPP is one of the most utilize d concepts in North America, with a market of approximately 330 million regular users. Interest among Canadian businesses is growing at an overwhelming pace; many are discovering that it is the most cost effective method to undertake the billing aspect of conducting business. Moreover, due to the ever increasing importance of preserving the environment, the implementation of the e-billing component would contribute to the cause of saving the environment by using less paper and producing less waste. 8- Advantages of EBPP )Benefits to the corporations/implementers: The implementation of EBPP has brought about many advantages for both the companies billing and the customers getting billed. The 100+ Canadian companies, now using epost’s e-billing services, have experienced a number of advantages starting with delivering bills to their customers instantly. This saves a substantial amount of time for the billers, since the mailing and processing floats will be significantly reduced , leading to quicker payments of bills, as well as reduced Days Sales Outstanding (DSO).This means that bills will be collected faster by firms, enabling them to pay their suppliers earlier, hence enhancing the way in which business is conducted between a corporation and it’s paying clients by reducing the cash conversion period. Payments made by customers will be automatically linked to the corporation’s Accounts Receivables, providing the company with better control over its pending payments and overall cash position. Beyond the aspect of speed, the corporation’s costs of presentment will be significantly reduced, up to 80%.It would also abolish the costs of paper, printing and postage fees. With the lowest possible costs of payment processing, distribution and collection of bills, firms will be reducing their costs effectively while increasing their profits. Additionally, the costs of implementing the e-billing component are relatively little, taking into acc ount the vast cost reductions of implementing the system. Furthermore, EBPP will enable a corporation to observe its customer’s behavior, since customer needs will be apparent through the usage of the features provided.The corporation will be able to achieve customer satisfaction by placing emphasis on and enhancing the features its customers appear to be utilizing the most. The corporation will also be able to reach its customers through the â€Å"interactive† statement messages system, which can be used as a tool for marketing and advertising new features, products and/or services. Furthermore, such a system can be used to get clients registered for recurring automated payments each month/period as well as providing the option of non-recurring payments, such as a one-time bill.Taking into consideration the overall advantages provided by the implementers of EBPP, it would be safe to say that the growth potential for the e-billing sector is enormous. Up until now, ther e are approximately 100 Canadian companies implementing the system. This number is expected to grow in time due to the vast number of advantages provided by EBPP. ii)Benefits to the customer: Although most systems are designed to further benefit the company implementing them, EBPP is a tool for both the company and its clients.EBPP enables the customer to immediately self-activate (open) their account in order for them to make recurring periodic (monthly) payments. It ultimately saves the customer the time taken to physically mail or make the payment at their financial institution, and practically eliminates the mail float by allowing the customer to make payments immediately after viewing the bill online. EBPP is also flexible in the sense that it can be implemented in many different forms providing the customer with a vast number of ways to utilize its many features.EBPP gives the customer an array of drafting options, from customer-initiated payments to automatic drafts or even s afety drafts if necessary. Customers can make the payments either through a consolidator such as epost, the corporation itself such as Rogers Telecom or through their bank such as Bank of Montreal. By giving the customer a wide range of choices, he/she can choose what they are most comfortable with in terms of security and quality of service.The number of errors made by the bill payers and the billers are also substantially reduced due to the ability of the platform to allow pre-filled customer interactive information to ensure all content collected/distributed is correct. Additionally, epost provides its registered users with the option to store their bills for up to 7 years. This allows for maximum efficiency, the customer will no longer have to pile up his/her paper bills for future reference rather, they will have their bills stored online and accessible at all times. Security wise, EBPP is rather comprehensive.In order to gain access to an account, the account number and its ma tching password are required. Furthermore, it encrypts the information transmitted from a computer to the designated server through Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. This reduces the chances of confidential information falling into the wrong hands. Overall, EBPP systems are usually designed to maximize security and confidentiality in order to encourage users to share their personal financial information to streamline the activities involved in making payments for desired products/services. ii)Benefits to the Environment: Although the benefits to the environment are clearly visible, translating the benefits in terms of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions would illustrate the concept in a more effective light. If Canadians were to replace 40% of their paper bills with electronic bills and only print 20% of the electronic bills, GHG emissions would be substantially reduced by 10,500 tonnes per year. Replacing 80% of the paper bills and printing only 5% of the electronic ones w ould lead to 22,000 tons of reduced GHG emissions.Such goals would serve to better preserve the environment and would reduce the amount of waste produced by a significant portion. Canadian businesses would end up saving approximately $1. 1 billion dollars in total. Doubling the implementations would lead to a $2. 2 billion reduction in expenditure by businesses increasing their overall profits while ensuring that their operations are in line with the environmental constraints of reducing waste/GHG emissions. 9-Risk Affiliated with the Adoption and Non-Adoption of EBPPBillers must take into consideration every type of billing presentment and payment the market offers today since it is their main ingredient to be successful. Therefore, billers have to offer the optimal billing presentment and payment that will bring customer satisfaction and be convenient for the biller at the same time. After the introduction of Electronic Bill Presentment and Payments (EBBP) many billers are facing a dilemma of risk due to the adoption or non-adoption of EBPP.For instance, if the biller decides to adopt EBPP, there will be potential of non-acceptance from the biller’s customers after the implementation of EBPP and that will lead to a decrease in the profit margins because of lost customers. The biller might also encounter fraud attempts especially because the bill will be electronically paid. Moreover, there might be a defect in the operational process of electronic presentment and payments such as a system freeze which will incur more costs on the behalf of the biller.Then again, if the biller decides not to implement the EBPP, the biller might be going against the market’s new trend hence this will put the company in a competitive disadvantage. Therefore, the biller will start losing market share and this will reflect negatively as a decrease in the biller’s profit margins due to lost customers. 10- Users of EBPP in Canada (Business Sectors): Most busine sses that implement EBPP provide their customers with services that require recurring payments, rather than a one-time payment (non-recurring).This implies that EBPP would be more convenient for service geared businesses that provide the customer with an ongoing service, which would require the customer to make repeated payments. Businesses operating in the following service providing sectors would greatly benefit from the implementation of EBPP, since all forms of viewing/paying the bill would be streamlined and undertaken from one location. i)Telecommunications Service Providers ii)Utilities Service Providers iii)Visa/Master Procurement cards iv)Banks and financial institutions v)Insurance providers vi)Postal Industries 11-Conclusion:Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment offers a streamlined method of payment, which is very advantageous for both the billers and their clients and notably the environment. Moreover, it considerably reduces costs and the amount of time to make a pay ment. Despite the drawbacks or risks of implementing EBPP, the benefits clearly outweigh the disadvantages. We believe that by 2015 paper bills will probably be inexistent in Canada, due to the expectations of recessions, companies will realize that they will save a lot of money by implementing the e-billing component, despite its high implementation costs.EBPP is the next trend for all businesses, and is expected to become the standard form of bill presentment and payment. 12-References: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_July_8? pnum=3&opg=n6098705&tag=artBody;col1 http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_July_8/ai_n6098705 http://cebp. nacha. org/documents/ebpp-buspractices-2-1. pdf www. cdnpay. ca www. wikipedia. ca http://www. bce. ca/data/documents/responsibility/innovating_toward_a_low_carbon_canada. pdf Margaret Tan (2005). E-payment: The digital Exchange. NUS Press Kornel Teplan (2003). Electronic Bill Presentment an